Who polio manual 2004

On 3 april 2017, a wild poliovirus type 2 wpv2 spill occurred in a dutch vaccine. Polioviruses in apparently healthy secondary school students. Manual for the surveillance of vaccinepreventable diseases. Detection of imported wild polioviruses and of vaccine. Polio laboratory manual 2004 and the supplemental manual of 2006 for the new algorithm technique currently used for poliovirus isolation. Global polio eradication initiative world health organization avenue appia 20, 1211 geneva 27 switzerland. Use of a novel realtime pcr assay to detect oral polio. Onelitre samples were concentrated by centrifugation using the twophase method of separation with 29% polyethyleneglycol 6000. Sabin vaccine differing from the salk vaccine, albert sabin conducted his experiments and trials using a vaccine developed from attenuated virus.

The history of polio poliomyelitis infections began during prehistory. Gnn gene test traces a polio epidemic in the making. The weakness most often involves the legs, but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head. All centrifuge tubes were labelled with a corresponding lab i. Viral aetiology of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Who polio laboratory manual, 4th edn geneva, switzerland. Introduction the vaccines used in national immunization programmes are safe and effective. For certification of polio eradication, the continuation of highquality es in existing sampling sites will also be an important consideration for global certification of a polio free world. Oshinsky 2006, trade paperback at the best online prices at ebay.

Requires testing of virus isolates that show cytopathogenic effects cpe in l20b cells by polymerase chain reaction pcr for simultaneous identification of virus. Who vaccine preventable diseases surveillance standards. Kilpatrick dr, nottay b, yang cf, yang sj, mulders mn, holloway bp, et al. Evaluation of clinical performance through authorized clinical trials. Enterovirus surveillance guidelines by world health. Acute flaccid paralysis laboratorial surveillance in a poliofree country. Mahbubul islam, 18 shahmahmoodi s, mamishi s, aghamohammadi a, aghazadeh n, tabatabaie farzana, sakila of bsmmu and dr. Kilpatrick dr, nottay b, yang cf, yang sj, mulders mn, holloway bp, groupspecific identification of polioviruses by pcr using primers containing mixedbase or deoxyinosine residue at positions of codon degeneracy. Virologic isolation and identification was done according to who polio laboratory network standard protocols polio laboratory manual 4th edition, 2004. The methods adopted for afp surveillance and laboratory testing of faecal specimens isolation and isolation and typing of isolates were as described in the who polio laboratory manual, 2004. Serum iga and igg levels were determined by sandwich elisa. These vdpvs were found in patients with acute flaccid paralysis afp and in healthy children who were contacts of the patients with afp 2, 4. The document provides general information about the polio eradication initiative, the role of laboratories in surveillance for wild polioviruses, the structure and mechanisms for monitoring the performance of the who global polio laboratory of cell cultures, evaluating cell cultures for mycoplasma contamination and sensitivity for virus isolation.

Effect of time at temperature on wild poliovirus titers in stool specimens. In brief, stool suspensions were prepared using chloroform and phosphate buffered saline, centrifuged at 3000rpm for 30minutes. Cell cultures were inoculated, incubated at 36c and observed for cytopathic effect cpe daily. There are contributions from a large number of experts, organizations and institutions, and we thank everyone who has contributed. New gap iii guideline sets higher standards for research. Polio laboratory manual 2004 and the supplemental manual of 2006. The system, whether it is manual or computerized, consists of two main.

Over millennia, polio survived quietly as an endemic pathogen until the 1900s when major epidemics began to occur in europe. Supplement to the who polio laboratory manual an alternative. The polio eradication programme has been able to link cvdpv2 cases in benin, cameroon, ghana, and niger to ongoing circulation in northern nigeria, whereas cases in angola and democratic republic of the congo were found to be the result of unlinked local emergences jorba et al. Early confirmation of infection and transmission of polioviruses is an important first step towards implementing public health interventions to.

Firstly, as the immediate response to the outbreak of poliomyelitis in 1999, iraqi ministry of health with. All centrifuge tubes were labelled with a corresponding. Responding to a poliovirus outbreak or event parts 1. Environmental surveillance has been used as a supplementary tool in monitoring the circulation of wild poliovirus pvs andor vaccinederived pvs even in the absence of acute flaccid paralysis cases. To eradicate polio we must utilise lessons learnt, best practice, and new research to reach and vaccinate every child. Wild polioviruses still remain endemic in three countries afghanistan, pakistan, and nigeria and reemergency of wild polio has been reported in previously polio free countries. Pdf development of a poliovirus neutralization test with.

Aug 16, 2010 world health organization 2004 polio laboratory manual, 4th edn. D and to each centrifuge tube the following were added, 5ml. Purification of the sequencing reactions should be done with the centrisep 8 strips, according to the supplied protocol. Serum igg and iga levels in polio and nonpolio acute flaccid. Groupspecific identification of polioviruses by pcr using primers. Purpose of the manual this manual is designed to be a quickandeasy, userfriendly reference for the development of health management information systems hmis, with the focus on applications. Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis polio. On saturday, june 17, 1916, an official announcement of the existence of an epidemic polio infection was made in brooklyn, new york. Development of a poliovirus neutralization test with. Acknowledgements we acknowledge the assistance of the who global specialised polio laboratories in the analysis of this material 11. Medical officer for who polio eradication initiative somalia at who. Detection and characterization of polioviruses springerlink. Incidence of traumatic injection neuropathy among children in pakistan. It serves as a primer on hmis development and provides a general overview of the basic principles, as well as the fundamental steps and issues.

From these seed stocks, we grew stocks of positive controls in hep2 cells using methods described in the who polio laboratory manual. Type 2 poliovirus detection after global withdrawal of. It is characterized by the development of progressive weakness in muscles that were affected by the original polio infection. Isolation and molecular characterization of polio virus isolates from. Aug 31, 2011 in the global polio eradication initiative, laboratory diagnosis plays a critical role by isolating and identifying poliovirus pv from the stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis afp cases. Polio laboratory manual, 4th edition the document provides general information about the polio eradication initiative, the role of laboratories in surveillance for wild polioviruses, the structure and mechanisms for monitoring the performance of the who global polio laboratory of cell cultures, evaluating cell cultures for mycoplasma contamination and sensitivity for virus isolation. The global polio eradication initiative has relied on oral poliovirus vaccine opv to bring polio to the brink of eradication.

By the end of 2002, the number of polio infected countries has decreased to seven figure 1. Oct 01, 2015 stool samples sent to the four labs were processed according to the individual protocol. Pdf polio eradication initiative pei contribution in. Aug 01, 2015 stool suspensions 10% wv were made from each of the aliquots using standard protocols world health organization polio laboratory manual, 2004. Polio laboratory manual, 4th edition the document provides general information about the polio eradication initiative, the role of laboratories in surveillance for wild polioviruses, the structure and mechanisms for monitoring the performance of the who global polio laboratory of cell cultures, evaluating cell cultures for mycoplasma. The global polio laboratory network gpln began building in the late 1980s on a 3tiered structure of 146 laboratories with different and complementary technical and support capacities poliovirus isolation, molecular strain characterization including sequencing, quality assurance, and research. Understanding which cases are due to undervaccinated local. These states were designated by who for the national polio laboratory, maiduguri, nigeria in the polio eradication programme. Further information further information can be obtained as follows. The potency of these strains were determined according to the protocol in who polio manual 2004. The detection of non polio enteroviruses in the samples is an indication that the environmental monitoring is being adequately performed because at least 30 % of non polio enterovirus are expected to be found in samples processed by the grab method lewis and metcalf 1988.

From january 2004 to april 2005, sampling in the western region was performed on a weekly basis because vdpvs were isolated. Environmental surveillance for polioviruses in the global. Vaccinerelated poliovirus shedding in trivalent polio. From the findings both wild and sabin poliovirus were. This study is the first report to document the polio immunity after 2004, when an inactivated polio vaccine ipv was introduced in the republic of korea.

Only 22 cases of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus were. The global polio eradication initiative external icon is a publicprivate partnership led by national governments and spearheaded by the world health organization who, rotary international, cdc, and the united nations childrens fund unicef. In the future, after certification, es data may give insights on the elimination of sabin viruses following opv cessation 6. Reemergence of recombinant vaccinederived polioviruses in. The document provides general information about the polio eradication initiative, the role of laboratories in. Development of poliovirus extraction method from stool. Supplement 1 to the who polio laboratory manual an alternative. Responding to a poliovirus outbreak or event parts 1 and 2 the global polio eradication initiative is composed of a large workforce of frontline vaccinators, technical and programme staff in all corners of the world. Isolation and molecular characterization of polio virus. Virus isolation and identification microneutralization tests for non polio enteroviruses. Tenfold serial dilutions were prepared for each suspension and each dilution was inoculated in duplicate onto monolayers of rd cells in 24well plates in mem2% fbs.

Polio, reverse cold chain, specimen transport, quality assurance. Briefly, stool extracts were inoculated in rd human rhabdomyosarcoma derived cells and murine l20b a transgenic mouse l cells cell lines. Isolates were sequenced sequetech, mountain view, ca to confirm that the region to be amplified in the 5. Surveillance manual polio vaccine preventable diseases cdc. Human enterovirus surveillance in the slovak republic from. This also includes basic training for key users and development of user manual. Regional office for the eastern mediterranean, 2016. As of 2004, the last naturally occurring polio case in the united states was diagnosed in 1979. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases. Till 2008, the methods used for virus isolation and microneutralization for identification of positive isolates were as described in who polio laboratory manual 2004 and, from 2008 onwards, the supplemental manual of 2006 for the new algorithm technique was used for poliovirus isolation. Who, guidelines for environmental surveillance of poliovirus circulation. A total of 106 8% cases in 2007 were in countries where wpv was reintroduced through importation, compared with 1,301 40% of 3,234 cases during 2004 2005. Emergence of vaccinederived polioviruses, democratic. Pdf nonpolio enteroviruses implicated in acute flaccid.

Extraction of polio virus from stool samples the methods adopted for virus isolation were described in who polio laboratory manual 2004 and the supplemental manual of 2006 for the new algorithm technique currently used for poliovirus isolation. Although major polio epidemics were unknown before the 20th century, the disease has caused paralysis and death for much of human history. In brief, samples were treated with chloroform and antibiotics to remove bacteria and fungi. Global polio laboratory network as a platform for the viral. In 1988, polio existed in over 125 countries on five continents, and more than 350 000 children were paralyzed that year.

The purpose of this document is to provide world health organization whorecommended standards for conducting surveillance for vaccine preventable diseases vpds. Mar 29, 2005 post polio syndrome pps is a syndrome that affects some people who have had polio poliomyelitis and occurs many years typically from 10 to 40 years after recovery from the initial infection. Onelitre samples were concentrated by centrifugation using the twophase method of separation with 29% polyethyleneglycol 6000 serva, germany and 22% dextran serva both prepared in 5 m nacl as recommended and. Polio laboratory manual service temporarily down who world. Faecal samples were treated with chloroform, centrifuged and supernatant was recovered and used for rna isolation and cell culture. Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission. Causes and symptoms poliovirus can be spread by direct exposure to an infected individual, and more rarely, by eating foods contaminated with waste products from the intestines feces andor droplets of moisture saliva from an infected person. When complete cpe was obtained, the infected cells were harvested and stored at 20c until serological. These states were designated by who for the national polio laborator y, maiduguri, nigeria in the polio eradication programme. Viral aetiology of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance cases.

Polio outbreaks associated with type 2 or 3 vdpvs vdpv2s or vdpv3s were reported in 20012002 and 2005 in toliara province in southern madagascar 2,3. By 2004, cases of poliomyelitis in africa had been reduced to just a small number of isolated regions in the western portion of the continent, with sporadic cases elsewhere. An alternative test algorithm for poliovirus isolation and characterization. Methods a total of 745 serum samples from randomly selected patients ranging from 6 to 84 years of age were used for neutralization tests, performed in the world health organization polio. That year, there were over 27,000 cases and more than 6,000 deaths due to polio in the united states, with over 2,000 deaths in new york city alone. The aim of this training manual is to present stateoftheart, authoritative, scientifically valid advice to counter common misperceptions of vaccination. The dutch national polio laboratory of the national institute of public health and the. Wkly epidemiol record 2006 resurgence of wild poliovirus type 1 transmission and effect of importation into polio free countries, 20022005. Vaccine preventable diseases surveillance standards. Samples analyzed at the nlrrl were prepared according to the whopolio laboratory manual who manual, 2004. The methods adopted for virus isolation were described in who polio laboratory manual 2004 and the supplemental manual of 2006 for the new algorithm technique currently used for poliovirus isolation. Response to a wild poliovirus type 2 wpv2shedding event. Sep 05, 2018 vaccine preventable diseases surveillance standards.

Dorothy southern for thought world health organ 2004. Pdf the feasibility of identifying children with primary. Igg and iga immunocompetence of children with wild poliovirus poliomyelitis and non polio acute flaccid paralysis. Effect of time at temperature on wild poliovirus titers in. World health organization polio laboratory manual, 2004. On april 12, 1955, the results of salks vaccine trial were announced as successful to prevent polio dawson, 2004. The world health organization who recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. We have thus included material adapted from polio on planning, monitoring and use of data to improve the service, which can be used at any level. The reported number of polio affected districts in all countries decreased 26% from 463 in 2006 to 342 in 2007. The methods adopted for virus isolation and microneutrlization for identification of isolates were described in who polio laboratory manual 2004 and the supplemental manual of 2006 for the new algorithm technique currently used for poliovirus isolation. Stool screening of syrian refugees and asylum seekers in. Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Antiviral activity of hen eggwhite lysozyme on polio virus. Post polio syndrome nord national organization for rare.